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Human rights theory has historically operated within the framework of universalism, emphasizing a set of rights inherent to all human beings. However, growing attention to cultural diversity, post-colonial critique, and global political pluralism has intensified the debate between universalism and cultural relativism. This paper revisits the foundational premises of human rights theory, exploring its evolution from natural law traditions to contemporary legal frameworks. It critically examines the tensions between universalist and relativist positions, assessing whether a synthesis is possible or desirable. Using interdisciplinary perspectives, the paper suggests a middle path rooted in “pluralistic universalism,” which respects cultural contexts without compromising core human dignity. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a rearticulated theory that balances ethical consistency with political and cultural inclusivity.

Since COVID-19 period, online learning has become a common phenomenon in higher studies. In Bangladesh, students are using local as well as global e-learning platforms such as 10 Minute School, Shikho, Coursera, etc. This study tries to find how satisfied universities students in Bangladesh are with such e-learning platforms. This research utilizes a quantitative method of research. In its findings, intention to use demonstrates the strongest relationship with satisfaction, underscoring the importance of user experience in driving platform adoption. It further shows that while many students like the flexibility and benefits of e-learning, they face challenges like poor internet, lack of technical support, uninteresting content, and difficulty in using such platforms. These insights can help universities, software developers, and policymakers make online education more effective and student-friendly in Bangladesh.

Financial inclusion is the access to useful and affordable financial products and services, especially for the vulnerable sections of society. It is a key agenda of the government due to its potential to alleviate poverty, reduce inequalities and attain sustainable development. The government is focusing on elaborating financial infrastructure and is strengthening the supply side, but the actual usage of financial services is a challenge, especially among rural people and women. The present study is a comprehensive analysis of financial inclusion, with a primary focus on measuring its level in the rural areas of the Punjab state of India. For this purpose, primary data was collected from 500 respondents through a proportional stratified random sampling method. This research aims to elaborate the status of financial inclusion and explore the financial inclusion indicators. A Financial Inclusion Index has been developed to assess the extent of financial inclusion. Gender gap in the level of financial inclusion has been determined, and the impact of different demographic and socio-economic variables on the level of financial inclusion has been evaluated. This study highlights some important issues regarding financial inclusion and gender disparities, leading to policy recommendations aimed at enhancing financial inclusion. The study provides valuable insights into the varied aspects of financial inclusion and it will be useful for researchers, financial institutions and government policy makers.

Recent administrative initiatives aimed at revising electoral rolls in India have renewed scholarly and public debate on citizenship, documentation, and democratic inclusion. This paper presents a conceptual qualitative analysis of the ongoing Special Intensive Revision (SIR) process, focusing on its implications for internal migrants who work in urban centres while maintaining enduring kinship, social, and moral ties with their native villages. Drawing on sociological theories of citizenship, bureaucracy, migration, and belonging, and supported by illustrative experiences reported in the media, the paper argues that document-centric governance may generate forms of administrative disenfranchisement that extend beyond formal legal exclusion. Voting rights are conceptualised not merely as procedural entitlements but as expressions of dignity, recognition, and social membership. When socially embedded individuals are rendered administratively invisible due to mobility and documentation gaps, the consequences include social disconnection, moral injury, and erosion of democratic belonging. By integrating sociological analysis with ancient Indian perspectives on village-centred social solidarity, the paper contributes to human values–oriented scholarship on democracy, justice, and inclusion in the Global South.